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3,661
· total · 944 for supervisionFY2025
Annual budget
€708m
· FY2025FY2025
Supervised entities
135
· credit institution groupsFY2025
Overview
Banco de España is Spain's central bank and its prudential, conduct and macroprudential supervisor for credit institutions, payment institutions and e-money issuers — the licensing authority that pairs with CNMV on the securities side. Its supervisory and oversight functions employ 944 professionals, nearly a third of the entire bank. In 2025 it imposed over €49 million in sanctions, supervised 135 credit institution groups holding €4.5 trillion in consolidated assets, and raised the countercyclical capital buffer from 0.5% to 1%. Everything below is Banco de España's own data, from its FY2025 supervision report (Memoria de Supervisión).
Regulated sectors
Leadership
- José Luis EscriváGovernor · since 2024
Figures as published by Banco de España for FY2025. Source: Memoria de Supervisión 2025 (Spanish; English summary) (Published April 2026). Data as of 31 December 2025. Supplementary: Memoria de Supervisión 2025 (full PDF).
Organisation (FY2025)
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Total staff | 3,661 Whole institution — includes monetary policy, banknote production, treasury services and payment systems oversight alongside supervision |
| Supervision & oversight staff | 944 Supervisory functions across DGs and General Secretariat; ≈⅓ of total bank staff; gender-balanced |
| Budget | €708m FY2025 (whole institution) |
Supervised entities (end-2025)
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Credit institution groups | 135 Operating via permanent establishment |
| — of which significant Spanish groups | 10 89% market share (SSM direct supervision) |
| — less significant institutions/groups | 56 5% market share |
| — foreign subsidiaries/branches groups | 69 6% market share |
| Consolidated banking assets | €4.5 trillion 63% credit investment; 41% of assets from foreign business |
| Sector metrics | ROE 14% · CET1 13.9% · NPL 2.4% NPL lowest since 2008; capital highest since SSM creation |
Supervisory activity 2025
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| SREP add-ons — significant entities | P2R 1.74% · P2G 0.73% Averages; below SSM-wide averages |
| SREP add-ons — LSIs | P2R 1.61% · P2G 0.8% Weighted / simple averages; slight reduction vs prior year |
| On-site inspections — significant institutions | 17 + 13 model investigations Spanish SIs; plus 22 SSM inspections led by BdE across the euro area |
| Inspections — less significant institutions | 18 Plus 10 requirement/recommendation letters |
| Inspections — other entities | 14 PIs, EMIs, SGRs, appraisal companies, EFCs etc. |
| Actions vs unauthorised activity | 54 "Reserva de actividad" enforcement, similar to 2024 |
| Severe payment incidents notified | 26 PSPs, 2025; operational (non-malicious) causes predominant |
Enforcement 2025
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Sanctions | >€49m Calendar year 2025; responsible lending, tied insurance sales, unauthorised ownership changes, governance |
Macroprudential
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Countercyclical capital buffer | 0.5% → 1% Announced Oct 2025, binding 1 October 2026 |
| Santander G-SII buffer | 1% for 2027 |
| O-SIIs identified | 4 |
Notable 2025
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Two-regulator MiCA split for Spain | Under MiCA, Banco de España is Spain's competent authority for issuers of asset-referenced tokens and e-money tokens, while CNMV handles CASPs. |
| Stress-test outperformance | Spanish significant banks outperformed the European average in both the 2025 EBA and ECB stress tests. |
| DLT Pilot support | Issued a favourable (non-binding) report enabling Securitize's authorisation as a DLT securities settlement system under the EU DLT Pilot Regime — at CNMV's request. |
| April 2025 outage impact | Monitored the impact of the 28 April 2025 nationwide power outage on Spain's payment systems; completed assessments of the SNCE and of FXS, a new payment-versus-payment FX settlement system live since July 2025. |
| Multi-year SREP for LSIs | Introduced multi-year SREP methodology for less significant institutions to deliver more proportionate supervision. |
Key legislation
Law 13/1994 (Autonomy of the Banco de España)
Founding statute
Law 10/2014 (Ordering, Supervision and Solvency of Credit Institutions)
Banking law (CRD/CRR)
Royal Decree-Law 19/2018 / RD 736/2019
PSD2 transposition — payment institutions
MiCA implementation (Spain)
Banco de España — competent authority for ART/EMT issuers
Public registers
Application portals
Recent publications
- Memoria de Supervisión 2025
2026-04-01